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- HEALTH, Page 66The Times of Your Life
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- An underground study shows how internal clocks can go awry
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- Stefania Follini could be forgiven for losing track of
- time. On Jan. 13 the 27-year-old Italian interior designer
- descended into a cave near Carlsbad, N. Mex., where she was to
- live for more than four months as part of an experiment aimed
- at examining how the stresses of long-term isolation could
- affect space travel. Pioneer Frontier Explorations, an Italian
- research foundation, had selected Follini, one of 20 volunteers
- for the assignment, because she was judged to have inner
- strength and stamina. For 131 days she dwelled alone in a 20-ft.
- by 12-ft. Plexiglas module sealed 30 ft. under the surface,
- without sunlight or any other way of measuring time. Last week
- she emerged aboveground on schedule. But by her calculations it
- was only mid-March.
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- During Follini's subterranean stay, her sense of time had
- elongated. Her "day" extended to 25 hours, then to 48 hours.
- She tended to sleep for 22 to 24 hours, then burst into activity
- for up to 30 hours. She ate less frequently and lost 17 lbs.
- Her menstrual period stopped. In short, her internal biological
- clocks had gone out of whack.
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- The New Mexico experiment called attention to an emerging
- field in science called chronobiology, the study of the body's
- innate, rhythmic patterns. Today researchers realize that many
- human characteristics, from basic physiological functions such
- as blood pressure and body temperature to mental sharpness and
- moods, follow such patterns. Some cycles are as brief as
- seconds; the heart's permeability to certain chemical ions
- appears to shift back and forth in less than a minute. Others
- are measured in months; some people regularly fall into deep
- depressions in winter and cheer up in summer.
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- The best-known rhythms are circadian, from the Latin,
- meaning "about a day." The sleep-wake cycle is the most obvious,
- but the body's production of hormones also fluctuates
- significantly over 24 hours. Says Charles Ehret, president of
- General Chronobionics, a research and consulting company in
- Hinsdale, Ill.: "Chemically, you are a very different person at
- noon than you are at night."
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- Controlling the daily cycles is a cluster of 10,000 nerve
- cells -- altogether about the size of the head of a pin -- that
- are located in the hypothalamus, a segment of the brain. Some
- biological timepieces appear to take their cue from temperature
- or barometric pressure, but many are synchronized with the cycle
- of light and darkness caused by the rising and setting of the
- sun. Experiments conducted in caves, like the one in New Mexico,
- and others in special laboratories purposely remove all such
- cues. In Follini's module the temperature was a constant 69
- degrees F, and the only illumination was artificial. The aim of
- such experiments is to get the body to "free-run" and see what
- sort of patterns it establishes on its own.
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- The conditions of Follini's underground life were extreme,
- but people's biological clocks can also be disrupted by the
- demands of everyday life. Jetting across time zones, working
- twelve-hour days or irregular shifts and even sleeping late can
- disturb biological rhythms and impair efficiency and judgment.
- Government officials and business leaders are routinely advised
- to recover from jet lag before starting negotiations.
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- Investigators analyzing the blowup of the Challenger
- shuttle and the disasters at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl
- have found that in each case, critical errors were made by
- people struggling with unusual work schedules and lack of sleep.
- The two nuclear plant accidents happened in the wee hours of the
- morning. Similarly, most truck wrecks related to fatigue occur
- between 2 a.m. and 4 a.m. "Shift workers classically have to
- perform when their brains are trying to put them to sleep,"
- observes Dr. Charles Czeisler of Boston's Brigham and Women's
- Hospital. "They are fighting the internal clock." Many workers
- run on automatic pilot at that time; they execute routine tasks
- but are unable to process new information, like flashing red
- lights that signal danger.
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- More sensible work schedules could reduce such hazards. In
- a recent eleven-month experiment in Philadelphia, police were
- put on a revised rotation that meshed better with their innate
- clocks. The number of days worked consecutively was cut, and the
- officers were not moved from one shift to another as frequently.
- Police on the new schedule had 40% fewer patrol-car accidents
- than before, and their use of sleeping pills and alcohol dropped
- by half.
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- Chronobiology also has implications for medical treatment.
- Diagnostic tests can be misinterpreted if doctors are not aware
- of biological rhythms. For instance, patients may react more
- strongly to allergy tests that are given in the evening than to
- the same tests done in the morning. Last week Dr. William
- Hrushesky of Albany Medical College reported that women who
- undergo mastectomies during their menstrual period appear to
- have a higher risk of dying from breast cancer within five years
- than women who are operated on in the middle of their monthly
- cycle. Hrushesky speculates that hormones produced during
- menstruation somehow have a negative effect on the body's immune
- system.
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- In the most promising medical application, doctors are
- beginning to time medication to match biological cycles. Some
- experts believe the effectiveness of cancer treatments can be
- boosted -- and the harmful complications of the often toxic
- drugs lessened -- by taking advantage of daily rhythms in the
- immune system and cell division. Painful bouts of rheumatoid
- arthritis occur most frequently in the morning, when natural
- anti-inflammatory agents are least active; aspirin affords the
- best relief when taken the night before. On the other hand, the
- time to take medication for osteoid arthritis is midday; joints
- become inflamed with movement, and pain occurs later in the day.
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- Scientists are also exploring ways of resetting the body's
- clocks. Among the possible methods: using exercise, changing
- diet, or varying the amount of light or sleep. Even chemical
- intervention is being considered. Says neurobiologist Fred Turek
- of Northwestern University: "One of our goals is to find safe
- drugs that can speed up your clock or slow it down." Such
- techniques offer the possibility that one day, humans will be
- not just captives but masters of biological time.
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